This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One discusses the properties of functionally graded material produced with additive manufacturing technology. Chapter Two reviews synthetic smectite materials as catalyst precursors and solid base catalysts. Chapter Three reviews current literature on metallic bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) focusing on the development of protective coatings for imparting both corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity to these components. Chapter Four examines layered hydrolyzed EVA films. Chapter Five focuses on the synthesis and characterization of polyphenylenes and their derivatives as well as their applications in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Chapter Six discusses the characterization of thermal conductivity and tool-part thermal resistance in composite processing. Chapter Seven examines the effect of biodeterioration on mechanical properties of hemp natural fiber reinforced composite. Chapter Eight provides a comparative study on the effective properties of equivalent fiber.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Topics covered include calcium orthophosphate bioceramics; eco-friendly epoxy thermosets; polymer materials for advanced optical applications; Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies of metal-hydrogen systems for hydrogen storage; and the characterisation and properties of bitumen/montmorillonite nanocomposites.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Topics covered include research on the main achievements, drawbacks and applicable scope of two-dimensional layered crystals; polyethylene/sepiolite nanocomposites; the development of ultrasonic signal processing techniques for the testing of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP); analytical techniques for the characterization of historical building materials; precise damage diagnosis as a vital element in stone conservation and sustainable monument preservation; various methods developed for the synthesis and applications of zeolitic materials; a novel tool for tuning optical properties and a review of the importance of pure iron nanophase powders and its various applications.

This edited monograph includes five chapters, each detailing recent advancements in materials science research. Chapter One discusses various processes to manufacture lithium alloys and salts as well as fabricated pebbles of lithium-based ceramics with desired properties for their use as tritium breeder materials. Chapter Two examines how the mechanical performance of glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites changes according to glass fiber type, glass fiber end form, other reinforcing non-fibrous or fiber-based materials and composite manufacturing method. Chapter Three describes studies concerning the properties of synthesized organometallics. Chapter Four investigates the correlation between the surface chemistry and the corrosion resistance of silanized samples of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Lastly, Chapter Five describes the control methods of brittle intermetallic compounds in the welding process of titanium and other alloys.

Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 34 begins with a review of results on the modelling of the plasma-assisted growth of vertically aligned carbon nanostructures (VACNs). Growth of carbon nanofibers, single-walled carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures are considered, as well as studies that use the mechanistic models based on mass balance equations for species. Next, data on the application of Rayleigh and Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering (RMBS) spectroscopy to controlling the elastic, elasto-optic, optical parameters of inorganic glasses, crystals, and glass-crystalline materials is reviewed. The possibilities of using RMBS spectroscopy for research and development of materials for optical and electro-optical fiber drawing, as well as glasses doped with rare earth ions and quantum dots, are considered. The authors go on to propose that the purification of graphene from heavy metals can be performed by bombardment with noble gas clusters. The method of molecular dynamics is used to study the removal of copper, lead, and mercury from graphene by irradiating the target using a beam of Ar13 or Xe13 clusters with energies of 530 eV at angles of incidence 0 Degrees, 45 Degrees, 60 Degrees, and 90 Degrees. As an indispensable component of future flexible electronics, flexible resistive switching memories have recently garnered great interest globally. As such, a comprehensive review on the recent progress in this field is presented with a particular emphasis on materials and devices. A short discussion on the current challenges and future prospects of flexible resistive switching memories is also provided. Following this, the authors aim to present a comprehensive examination of the different catalysts used in hydroisomerization reactions, focusing: the acid support, mainly zeolites, the precious metals that offer the hydrogenating sites and the methodologies used to produce effective bifunctional catalysts. The catalysts used in industrial refining processes as well as new research trends are surveyed. A fast, efficient and versatile route for the synthesis of 4,4-diaminotriarylmethanes using Sr(DS)2 as a Lewis acid-surfactant-combined catalyst (LASCs) in the presence of N,N-dimethyl aniline and aryl aldehydes is reported in closing. LASCs not only act as a Lewis acid to activate substrate molecules, but also serve as a surfactant to form stable colloidal dispersion systems with organic substrates.

Chapter one of Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 38, critically scrutinizes various recycling techniques implemented in the current scenario for the polyvinyl chloride based products. The second chapter focuses on the nanocomposite of an important type of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride. Carbon nanomaterials have gained significant research interest as polymer reinforcement. polyvinyl chloride/nanocarbon nanocomposites possess excellent electrical conductivity, thermal stability, glass transition temperature, strength, toughness, modulus, and other physical properties. The authors of the following chapter highlight the essence of the flux growth method including fundamental aspects for crystal growth in solutions, choice of flux growth, and environmental applications to ion exchangers. Next, an eigenvalue-based technique for the characterization of a class of coaxial-line-to-waveguide adaptors that are used for material characterization is presented. The goal of the penultimate section is to investigate of magneto-thermoelectric effects in porous semiconductors. Thermoelectric and magneto-thermoelectric effects in porous materials possess very interesting improved properties compared to the bulk counterparts. In the closing chapter, the authors review different ways to induce and modulate porosity in non-cordierite honeycomb-type materials, based both in our own experience and that from other authors reviewing literature to date

Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 37 begins by discussing the main properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cements used for orthopaedic surgery. In particular, emphasis is given to the fillers used to modify the solid phase of acrylic formulations, and this strategy is related to changes in their mechanical, biological, and clinical properties. Following this, the authors describe studies on the radiopaque agents of bone cements from 1960 to today. This research is divided into several time frames: 1960-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2010, and 2010-2018. An outlook for the future studies is also provided. A recent literature analysis in the field of spray pyrolysis production methods is presented, including the respective equipment requirements and the versatility of the materials. Examples of the application of ultrasonic spray nebulizers, laser and plasma atomizers are also provided. Next, a facile spray pyrolysis from a precursor solution with an ammonium additive is introduced to prepare porous nanostructured vanadium pentoxides. The correlation between porous structures and electrochemical properties of the PN-V2O5 electrodes was systematically investigated on rechargeable lithium batteries. Furthermore, some challenges are presented on the design of porous materials produced by spray pyrolysis for the application of lithium sulfur batteries. The authors discuss research on non-contact and non-destructive systems that excite surface acoustic waves using pulsed lasers and detect surface acoustic waves using laser Doppler detectors to observe the changes in the physical properties of the substrate surface. The concluding study focuses on the availability of modified epoxidized palm oil as pressure sensitive adhesives in medical applications. Epoxidized palm oil has been modified to two modifications of acrylation and maleination. Thus, there are requirements need to be met for pressure sensitive adhesive formulation before the curing process.

In the preliminary study included in Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 36, a novel fiberglass catalyst with highly dispersed 1-2 nm Pd clusters confined in the bulk of fiberglass at a depth of 10 nm was proposed. In spite of extremely low palladium content, this catalyst showed high performance in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Basic research of physicochemical properties of the silicate glass as well as the Pd/FG catalyst revealed that mass transfer of reagents in the bulk of glass does not limit the reaction rate, and the glass has a capability to absorb a large amount of polar or readily polarizable molecules like acetylene but not ethylene. In another study, vaporized materials (such as liquid vapors) were ejected through a nozzle into a vacuum, and liquid clusters with various cluster sizes were formed by adiabatic expansion. The vacuum has an important role in cluster formation, and the fundamental properties of the vacuum and clusters are described in terms of an existence in emptiness. Next, the following operations are discussed: mechanical cutting (with punching dies, guillotines, waterjets and laser beams), clamping, welding, riveting, and the coating of sheet surfaces with insulating layers. A practical laboratory stand for the examination of finished cores used in induction motors, designed by one of the authors at the Wroclaw Branch of the Electrotechnical Institute, is presented. The authors deal with the issue of lead-free solders at high application temperatures, with the aim to study the effect of lanthanides addition on the properties of solders for high application temperatures. The Bi-based solders Bi11Ag2La, Bi2La, Bi2Y were designed and fabricated as innovative soldering alloys. The study of effect of lanthanides in the soldering process was especially oriented toward soldering Al2O3 and ZrO2 ceramic materials. Some examples of errors that can occur in soldering ae listed, while several selected defects are reviewed: non-wettability of the solder pads, dewetting, wrong solder mask design, warpage, head-in-pillow, cracks in the joints, pad cratering, black pad, solder beading, tombstoning, dendrites, voids, flux spattering from the solder paste, popcorning and whiskers. In closing, the authors discuss the development of processing technology for producing electrical steels with increased silicon content, which is considered one of the novel achievements in contemporary materials science dealing with magnetic materials. Commercially available steels produced by JFE Steel Corporation are analyzed.

Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 35 opens with an examination of the effect of bismaleimides based on the Diels-Alder reaction mechanism on high performance aerospace carbon fibre reinforced plastics. More precisely, the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional bismaleimide modified composites and their healing capabilities were measured under mode I and mode II fracture loading conditions. Following this, polyacrylonitrile nanofibers are first obtained from polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide by electrospinning. Then, the carbon nanofibers are obtained by calcination of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. Additionally, the capacity of these materials to promote oxygen reduction reaction is evaluated. As new sorbents are developed for purifying gases or liquids via physisorption and/or chemisorption processes, the objective is typically to increase the specific surface area to maximize the available binding sites for capturing various species of interest. One drawback to making a sorbent more porous is that it often leads to a product that is fragile or friable and can be damaged, thus imposing process limitations. Thus, the authors propose an alternative approach for improving the mechanical integrity of the sorbent by binding it within a porous matrix that passively holds the sorbent in place. Next, evidence that the nanopillared graphene surface can induce strong dewettability is been reported by molecular dynamics simulations. The retracting and detaching behaviors of the liquid film can be effectively controlled by tuning the geometric parameters of the liquid film or nanopillar as well as the temperature. This compilation also includes a study which aims to present the advantages of using a thermodynamic analysis for the production of high purity hydrogen by the ethanol steam reforming combined with CO2 absorption (ESR-CO2-ABS). For this purpose, a thermodynamic analysis is used to find optimal reaction conditions for the ESR-CO2-ABS system. Thermodynamic analysis of the ESR-CO2-ABS system was performed using CaO, CaOMgO, Na2ZrO3, Li2ZrO3 and Li4SiO4 as CO2 absorbents to determine optimal operating conditions to generate high production and concentration of hydrogen in the product gas. In conclusion, the authors discuss how recently, research emphasis has been directed towards integrating multiple functions into polymer materials. Among these new advancements in materials science are functional polymers with structural designs for versatile applications. Piperazine is an interesting heterocyclic diamine which possess excellent medicinal and chelating property. Polymers and surfactants based on piperazine and surfactants have shown good hydrophilic, chelating anti-bacterial and anti-helminthic properties.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One examines chiral metamaterials. Chapter Two discusses chitosan-based planar optical waveguides for relative humidity measurements. Chapter Three investigates the ultrafast magnon dynamics in antiferromagnetic 3d-transition-metal monoxides NiO and MnO using optical pump-probe spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Chapter Four analyzes luminescent Zn/Cd-based metalorganic frameworks and their applications. Chapter Five focuses on the development and characterization of textile-based strain sensors for healthcare applications. Chapter Six examines the electronic properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and its monomer using the Semi-Empirical Zerner Modified Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (ZINDO) method of INDO/1 as a parameterization. Chapter Seven investigates the adhesion of the Legionella Pneumophila bacteria to the surfaces of plumbing materials. Chapter Eight discusses the mechanical behavior of borophene structures using molecular mechanics.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One discusses advantages for optical applications with transparent polycrystalline ceramic materials. Chapter Two reviews K0.5Na0.5NbO3-based lead-free transparent ceramics. Chapter Three describes the operation principles and requirements for photodetector (PD) devices, followed by the latest developments in materials and device architectures. Chapter Four studies applications of infrared thermography to the analysis of steel welded junctions. Chapter Five discusses Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS) as a method that uses liquid feedstock. Chapter Six reviews the recent studies on the structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties of silicene-derivative structures. In Chapter Seven, the correlations between experimental and theoretical results have been established in order to gain complete insight into structural features which enable modeling and synthesis of novel APD molecules with potential usage in various industries. Chapter Eight considers the analytical capabilities of two methods for studying the composition of gold-bearing samples.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One reports studies using acid leaching, use of microwaves, impregnation, funcionalization, and other possibilities that allow consideration of metakaolin as a good precursor to solid catalysts. Chapter Two discusses supramolecular adhesive complexes of stimuli-responsive polymers. Chapter Three reviews the preparation of biomedical materials from polyacrylonitirle and applications of it in various fields. Chapter Four gives an overview on the recent theoretical and experimental advances concerning plasmonic excitations in thin slabs of topological insulators. Chapter Five focuses on atmospheric plasmadynamic systems for thermal spray technologies. Chapter Six discusses optical monitoring and control of powder technologies thermal processes.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Topics covered include recent advances in starch based materials; multiphasic calcium orthophosphates; the influence of soft wood contents on material properties, biodegradability and thermoformability of high density polyethylene (HDPE); recent progress on multifunctional thermoplastic-based composites that incorporate carbon nanotubes (CNTs); and stationary energy partition between oscillatory modes in low-dimensional systems at ambient temperatures.

This book presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in materials science research. The chapters included in this volume are conductive composites as versatile substrates for modeling of interfaces and sensors; the use of fiber reinforced polymers to improve load carrying capacity of damaged concrete; functionally graded materials in dentistry; electrochemical synthesis and characterization of electroactive copolymers deriving from five-ring with six-ring aromatic compounds and their perspectives for cost-effective optoelectronic applications; structural health monitoring of composite aircraft; semiconductor nanomaterials for water splitting; dendrimer and its role for the advancement of nanotechnology and bioengineering; parametric identification of nonlinear model of hydrogen thermal desorption from structural materials; testing 1D ternary photonic band gap material structure for use in temperature unstable environments; the effect of temperature variation on transmission properties of 1D photonic band gap material structure and random multilayer structure; and altering spectrum tuning capability, and temperature sensitivity in 1D ternary photonic band gap material structures.

The authors of this book discuss the latest advances in materials science research. The chapters include a discussion on a mathematical model used to study the behavior of piezoelectric materials and its applications in energy harvesting; the highly reactive etchant gas, chlorine trifluoride, and its applications relating to the silicon carbide (SiC) device process; the rheological properties and structure of poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)/plasticizer systems; a comprehensive review of ultrafine grained TiNi-based SMAs presented in terms of processing techniques, microstructure evolution, thermo-mechanical properties, biocompatibility and applications; and a chapter on the properties of silk/lyocell blended fabrics and the applications of selected functional finishes.

This book provides the most recent developments in the field of materials science, with chapters focused on advances in thermoluminescence research; a new structural explanation for plastic deformation behavior, including yielding and necking, using in situ Raman spectroscopy to investigate the uniaxial drawing and stress relaxation processes; an examination of the fast pyrolysis of woody biomass carried out with and without a zeolite catalyst; a review of proposals that have been made for the assessment of geologic materials in relation to their contribution to external gamma dose radiation; a comprehensive summary of practical X-ray analysis applied to the study of welding fluxes at high temperatures; and state-of-the-art research on calcium orthophosphate-containing biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials suitable for biomedical applications.

Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the electroluminescent and photo luminescent properties of semiconductor-based materials with different structures; advantages of reactive extrusion for the synthesis of polyurethanes for biomedical applications; pyridine-type defects in graphene; amorphous silicon carbide thin film formation at room temperature; hydrogen gas sensor based on material with yttrium nanoparticles; influence of supercritical carbon dioxide for pharmaceutical processing; polymerisable dyes containing heterocyclic derivatives of polyureas and polyurethanes; the -nucleation in polypropylene and its effect on the mechano-physical and thermal properties; and the effect of hydrogen on boron doped amorphous silicon prepared by magnetron sputtering.

Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the outstanding contributions in the area of polymeric micro and nanoparticles as drug delivery systems; strategies to modify the inorganic clays and to make them compatible with polymeric matrices and the effect of each one; present problems of ceramic lubricating materials, and the design principle of these materials; the study of Pincina alginite and its applications; the methods of determining the composition of polarons with different mobility and their main magnetic, relaxation and dynamics parameters from effective EPR spectra and the development of glass fibre reinforced polyester composites.

Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on polybenzimidazoles polymer synthesis and applications; N-type diamond materials; transparent conducting oxides for thin film solar cells; valorisation of gneiss rock powder waste in ceramic materials; and metal-on-metal hip protheses.

Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on resin-based dental composites; controlled delivery materials; DC art plasma jet; organic potential of rubber tyre wastes; limestone as sorbent for toxic species in energy production; recycling of rubber; fire-induces colour modifications on limestones used as building materials in monuments; poly (vinyl alcohol) ferrogels and electrowinning of precious metals using a modified electrochemical cyclone reactor.

Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the thermal conductivity of ceramics; recent advances in tin dioxide materials; dental ceramic and metal surface treatment for bonding; characteristics and thermal properties of nitrocellulose in propellants; application of electrochromic, electroluminescent and photovoltaic devices; and, polycrystalline silicon thin films.

Materials science includes those parts of chemistry and physics that deal with the properties of materials. It encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Materials science is often referred to as materials science and engineering because it has many applications. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including: the recycling of lightweight concrete with aggregates containing expanded glass; dry-stacked masonry systems; using scrap tires for new applications; thermal and mechanical performances of mineralised wood concrete; and delayed failure of managing steels in the environment.

Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on scanning acoustic correlation microscopy; analytical applications of borates; mechanical behaviour of masonry structures; use of isocyanate as a primer for synthetic rubber; fatigue of high temperature polymer matrix composites; efficiency analysis for multi-junction PV hetero-structures and high electrical field effect in the copper-zinc-phosphate glasses.

Materials science includes those parts of chemistry and physics that deal with the properties of materials. It encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Materials science is often referred to as materials science and engineering because it has many applications. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including the mechanisms of structural and phase evolution of metals and alloys; new trends in superconductivity research; and the corrosion resistance of strain hardening fibre reinforced cementitious composites.